• Spreading insecurity  - Kayhan Barzegar
The modus operandi of al-Qaeda is to spread insecurity in the region to jeopardize the interests of foreign powers.

• Through the lens of Iraq  - Robert S. Leiken
These upwardly mobile radicals undergo an anti-West westernization: integration into the home country's adversary culture.

• Between ideology and strategy  - Reuven Paz
The ideology remains the same; the strategy changes in accordance with developments in the field.

Spreading insecurity
 Kayhan Barzegar

Although terrorism has always existed, the al-Qaeda kind is a new phenomenon. September 11 undoubtedly marked a turning point in al-Qaeda's terrorist activities. Unlike the old-style terrorism--which has internal or regional dimensions, functions in a specific place and time, and has a less negative impact on the international community--al-Qaeda's kind acts across national and regional boundaries, recruits all nationalities and has a global impact. It is an unknown, complex and unconventional force that suggests no easy resolution.

Al-Qaeda's type of terrorism appeals to the hearts and minds of individuals. It is an appeal to act out of idealism. "As we are not, no one has the right to be safe in the world," its followers argue. Accordingly, today's suicide attackers are in a fight for their faith and most importantly, "Allah's approval", as they are certain they will be blessed by God.

Finally, in contrast with old-style terrorism, al-Qaeda terrorism has no individual, national or state-sponsored characteristics. Its driving force is Sunni radicalism and its main aims include to destabilize international security and to de-legitimize western culture and values, thereby to create a new balance of power between the West and an Islamic world that has long been weakened by the interventionist role of foreign powers.

In exploring the root causes of al-Qaeda terrorism, two main categories, one internal and one external, can be posited: Internally, the identity, cultural and political crises in the Arab world that mainly stem from the process of globalization are among the most significant elements in shaping and spreading terrorist activities. In the context of the Middle East, no doubt a collective sense of historical injustice, political subservience, and a pervasive sense of social humiliation inflicted by the global powers has resulted in a political-identity crisis within Arab society. These political, cultural and psychological complexities operate cumulatively to trigger an axis of global terrorism. Without solving the existing problems in the region, it is not feasible to eradicate this new terrorism.

Externally, one of the most important factors is the overt role of foreign powers in interfering in the domestic affairs of Middle Eastern nations, a vivid example being the increasing role of US foreign policy in the Middle East region. Chief among them is the support of autocratic regimes. Since the first Gulf war, the huge arms transfers and diplomatic and economic support systems on the one hand and the establishment of military bases and a direct presence in the Islamic Arab territories on the other continue to play a role in keeping such regimes in power.

Arab extremists blame their own governments for making their countries dependent on the security umbrella of western states. Throughout the 1990s, this policy increased tension, violence, rivalry, and militarization within the region, resulting in an undermining of the process of democratization. As a result, many Arabs today regard the US as guilty of delaying the creation of political openness.

This has encouraged new levels of extremism. Indeed, we may argue that one of the aims of the 9/11 attack was to set the inefficient regional regimes against US hegemonic anger. Al-Qaeda supports the overthrow of some of the existing regimes in the region by violent means and proposes to replace them with Islamic states based on Islamic primary principles and laws as the main substance of an Islamic society.

At present, the regional states are blamed for supporting the presence of foreign forces in the region, which in turn are seen as the primary tool of weakening the Islamic identity. As a sacred aim, followers of al-Qaeda believe in killing supporters of western powers; those who allowed the West to enter the Islamic territories and thereby manipulate and humiliate Muslim identity. This is the justification behind the Al-Qaeda terrorists who consider the killing of Shi'ites in Iraq as a duty because they helped the US to enter and stay in Islamic territory.

The modus operandi of al-Qaeda is to spread insecurity in the region to jeopardize the interests of foreign powers. As terrorist groups linked with al-Qaeda--especially al-Zarqawi's group--have repeatedly expressed, the new Iraq is the most favorable ground to endanger the US and its allied forces. In parallel, al-Qaeda considers the escalation of religious-ethnic fragmentation and conflict in the Middle East region, most notably among Sunnis and Shi'ites, as a fertile ground for insecurity.

Undoubtedly, the primary goal of al-Qaeda is to create an atmosphere of fear and terror in the West, alienate publics from their governments there, and show the failure of the occupation forces in establishing proper security and stability in the Middle East region and Iraq.- Published 18/8/2005 (c) bitterlemons-international.org

Kayhan Barzegar is assistant professor of international relations at the Islamic Azad University and editor-in-chief of the Journal of Law and Politics.

If the Madrid bombings demonstrated al-Qaeda's emergence as a geopolitical actor, the July attacks in London seem to indicate that , despite premature claims of its demise, an al-Qaeda core still controls the global jihad, strategically and ideologically if not organizationally and tactically .

The Madrid and London bombings and the assassination of a critic of radical Islam in the Netherlands signify that Islamist terrorism has opened a strategic front in Europe. Europe will be pinned down at home, increasingly harassed and sometimes divided, while the big war grinds on in Iraq. Bin Laden now provides encouragement and strategic orientation to scores of quasi-independent European jihadi groups that assemble for specific missions, drawing operatives from a pool of professionals and apprentices, and then dissolve only to regroup for another exploit.

Western Europe sports two kinds of candidate Muslim terrorists. Some are "outsiders": alien dissidents, typically asylum seekers or students, who gained refuge in liberal Europe from anti-Islamist crackdowns in the Middle East. Among these are radical imams who preach militant Islam, lend their mosques or cultural centers or bookstores to terrorist recruiters, and sometimes serve as spiritual fathers of jihad networks.

But the July 7 London bombings have also drawn attention to "insiders": alienated citizens from the European-born second or third generation. If some get recruited in jails, most are contacted in Islamic cultural centers or on university campuses, in secondary schools and even in junior high. These upwardly mobile radicals undergo an anti-West westernization: integration into the home country's adversary culture. Like the four men who wreaked havoc on the London transportation system and the Amsterdam assassin Mohammed B., these are young men born and socialized in Europe--and entitled to passports and visa-free travel to the US.

European intelligence sources have told me of scores of home grown jihadists who have been recruited in Europe and conducted to Iraq's Sunni Triangle, often through the Balkans, Turkey or Syria, reportedly with the assistance of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, bin Laden's "Emir of Iraq". Indeed, al-Qaeda's strategic priorities in Europe are best viewed through the lens of Iraq. Al-Qaeda's planners believe that in Iraq the West is particularly vulnerable. Terror strikes can augment popular opposition to the war, forcing withdrawal of US allies from Iraq, as already has happened in Spain. If the governments remain steadfast, as in England, more pressure can be applied. Certainly such tactics can backfire, as is so far the case in Britain, but look for new attacks in Italy and Denmark, US allies in Iraq.

Recent attacks in Europe fit eerily well within a plan issued by al-Qaeda in December 2003. Entitled "Jihadi Iraq: Hopes and Dangers," the document outlined a strategy that would split the US from the rest of the coalition. Three countries were considered as targets: Poland, Britain, and Spain. Poland, the author concluded, would likely remain staunchly involved in Iraq because the Poles generally supported their government's decision to ally with the US. Britain and Spain, however, offered opportunities. The Spanish government was placed at the top of the al-Qaeda hit list due to the unpopularity of the war among the population and the upcoming elections. If, the author argued, Spain was attacked, the government would have to rethink involvement in Iraq.

The document concluded that Britain too could be forced to withdraw from Iraq under certain conditions. The first was an escalation of military casualties among the British in Iraq, the second was the prior departure of another ally, either Spain or Italy. Roughly 16 months after bombs ripped through Spanish trains, Britain was subjected to similar attacks. But instead of waiting for strategic redirection, groups throughout Europe have added their own appendices to al-Qaeda's strategic guidelines. Hours after the attacks, web postings appeared claiming credit and slating Denmark and Italy for future attacks.

All this puts the US in a catch-22. The war is proving a godsend for al-Qaeda, but withdrawal could consolidate a terrorist or a failed state and send a defeatist message. For the present, the US and Europe need to put their Iraq disagreements aside and join forces to defeat terrorism in Europe.- Published 18/8/2005 (c) bitterlemons-international.org

Robert S. Leiken is director of the Immigration and National Security Program at the Nixon Center in Washington, DC, and a non-resident fellow at the Brookings Institution. He is the author of Bearers of Global Jihad? Immigration and Security after 9/11.

Suicide or martyrdom operations, most recently in Europe but most intensively in Israel and in growing numbers in Iraq, leave the western world astonished. The terrorist attacks in London and Sharm al-Sheikh in July 2005, like other attacks by al-Qaeda or affiliated Jihadi groups worldwide, raise the unsolved question, "what does al-Qaeda really want?" What is its ultimate goal, besides the apocalyptic views and wishful thinking of its younger supporters, who seek to see Islamic rule and law spread throughout the world, or at least across the huge Arab and Muslim world? And what is the real effect, weight, and role of the war in Iraq? To answer these questions it is necessary to distinguish clearly between the ideology and the strategy of al-Qaeda or Global Jihad.

In August 1998, al-Qaeda carried out its first major double attack against two US embassies in East Africa. Seven years later the hard core of its leadership is still at large; there is a new generation of younger operatives who are not "Arab Afghans;" Iraq and Afghanistan, occupied by the United States and its allies, are suffering an intensive Jihadi insurgency of 2-3 suicide operations per day; and large cities around the globe are exposed to indiscriminate terrorist attacks against civilians, including Muslims as well as "infidel crusaders".

Three observations are in order. First, western intelligence communities have been unable to map the decision-making process within al-Qaeda or between the organization and its affiliated groups. Some of these groups are active only in the field of terrorism and are composed of well-educated, politically aware, middle class yet angry Muslim youngsters. They might be ad-hoc groupings with no other field of activity, and hence, very difficult to locate or keep under surveillance.

Second, the West in general has difficulty differing between al-Qaeda's ideology and its strategy. Therefore it is puzzled regarding the necessary means to counter this unfamiliar and unprecedented phenomenon. Past terrorism was different. Even Marxist-anarchist terrorism, which also had a global nature, was in fact based upon local groups with only a vague common ideology and strategy. Nationalist terrorism, even in ethnic-religious conflicts, was local. The PLO, IRA, ETA, or PKK were separate groups. Even the Palestinian Islamic Hamas or the Lebanese Hizballah are local movements with limited aims. Other Islamic movements, such as the Muslim Brotherhood, Hizb al-Tahrir (Islamic Liberation Party), or Dawah wa-Tabligh, which have a global nature and aspirations too, prefer to remain non-violent and focus on local issues, even though they project an Islamist aura of globalization.

Third, the ability of al-Qaeda to recruit, influence, incite, and appeal to many Muslim youngsters, primarily in the Arab world, is impressive. It has succeeded in creating apocalyptic visions that turn the imagination of several millions of Muslim youngsters and are supported and legitimized by a new class of Muslim clerics, scholars, and even intellectuals. The response by the vast majority of Arab and Muslim governments, publics, and Islamic establishments, which is crucial, is slow, uncoordinated, and in most cases hesitant.

In April 1988, Dr. Abdallah Azzam, the spiritual father of al-Qaeda, wrote an article entitled "The solid base," which sketched the lines of what would later become al-Qaeda. Azzam described a movement with two significant doctrines: a long period of education or indoctrination--Tarbiyyah; and redefining Jihad from a means to fulfill a religious-political target into the target itself. Azzam was an Islamic ideologue, yet the organizational phase of al-Qaeda and affiliated groups of Global Jihad has been in the hands of leaders with a much more operational than ideological mind--Osama bin Laden, Ayman Zawahiri, Muhammad Atef, and nowadays Abu Musab al-Zarqawi.

Moreover, the second generation of al-Qaeda members, supporters, and sympathizers is emerging in Islamist battlegrounds other than Afghanistan and Bosnia--Iraq, Europe, Southeast Asia, and the entire globe. The modus operandi of al-Qaeda--to move the battle to enemy soil, martyrdom operations, and killing of Muslims, all legitimized by clerics--is led by the operatives and affects the imagination of Muslim youth worldwide, thereby giving priority to new strategies over the basic ideology. Even the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is no longer a crucial issue and has become less important in the priorities of Global Jihad. Ayman Zawahiri has written several times that he has adopted the traditional position of Egyptian Jihad that "the road to the liberation of Jerusalem moves through the liberation of Cairo and Damascus."

The present strategy of al-Qaeda and its global Jihad is mostly the result of processes and developments in the core of the Arab world: oppression by Arab governments, the war in Iraq and the American occupation there, the inability to infiltrate into the Palestinian territories because of traditional opposition by Hamas with its very different agenda, the weakness of the Saudi regime, and rising support in Saudi Arabian society as well as in other parts of the Arab world for the insurgency in Iraq. The relative operational freedom of activity in Europe has also contributed to this development.

The basic ideology remains the same: the liberation of the entire Muslim world from western/Zionist/crusader colonialism, both in its physical presence in the Muslim world and its cultural influence, in order to create a Muslim state or states that are totally ruled by the Islamic Shari'ah and are liberated from man-made laws. All this, by way of a long Jihad led by well-indoctrinated avant-garde groups, more eager to reach the world to come than to live in this "worthless" one.

By contrast, the strategy changes in accordance with developments in the field, primarily Iraq and the Arab world. Iraq has become one of the most important elements in al-Qaeda strategy, a kind of jewel in the Jihadi crown. Iraq and the insurgency there are also a model of Global Jihad's ability to mutate itself, as independent groups of Moroccan immigrants in Spain, Pakistanis in the United Kingdom, Jamaican converts to Islam, Somalian immigrants to Europe, etc., prove willing to sacrifice themselves for the global strategy of al-Qaeda in Iraq. Iraq is not an ideological target, yet it is the most important catalyst for directing the rage of Arab or Muslim youngsters toward terrorism.

Jihadi-Salafi ideologues of the first generation of Global Jihad might not approve of it, but control is in the hands of the strategists, who by their indoctrination and incitement have become the heroes of these angry and humiliated groups. The latter are a generation of Muslims whose knowledge of Islam is usually poor, but their apocalyptic notions lead them to blindly follow the strategists, believing that this is true religion and faith.

Dr. Ajai Sahni, an Indian scholar, wrote in March 2004 that "The Islamist terrorist agenda is more inflexible than most of us imagine, and its ends are defined, not in terms of the transient political parameters of the discourse of international relations, but by a perspective rooted in religious absolutisms that will endure long after the reverberations of the crises of transition in Afghanistan or in Iraq have come to an end."

Meanwhile the crises in Afghanistan and especially in Iraq are far from ending, and could be prolonged. The operatives do not possess the same endurance as the ideologues, but their strategy currently dominates the ideology.- Published 18/8/2005 (c) bitterlemons-international.org

Reuven Paz is founder and director of the Project for the Research of Islamist Movements (PRISM) in Herzliya. He is a veteran researcher of Islamic radical movements and Palestinian society.